The Death and Dying Beliefs of Australian Aborigines :: Aborigines American Indians Religion Essays

The Death and Dying Beliefs of Australian Aborigines   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although the Aborigines are often classified as a primitive race whose religion is based upon animism and totemism like the American Indians, the Aboriginal funeral practices and beliefs about death have much in common with other cultures. This paper will discuss the death and dying beliefs of the Aborigines that share a common thread with many popular religions of today. Aboriginal beliefs in death and dying are original in that they combine all these beliefs in a different way. The purpose of looking at the commonalties is to examine the shared foundations of all religions by investigating the aspect of death and dying in a very localized and old set of beliefs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As in many religions, Aborigines share a belief in a celestial Supreme Being. During a novice's initiation, he learns the myth of Daramulun, which means â€Å"Father," who is also called Biamban, or â€Å"Master.† Long ago, Daramulun dwelt on earth with his mother. The earth was barren and sterile. There were no human beings, only animals. Daramulun created the ancestors of the tribes and taught them how to live. He gave them the laws that are handed down from father to son, founded the initiation ceremonies and made the bull-roarer, the sound of which imitates his voice. It is Daramulun that gives the medicine men their powers. When a man dies, it is Daramulun who cares for his spirit. This belief was witnessed before the intervention of Christian missionaries. It is also used only in the most secret initiations of which women know nothing and are very central to the archaic and genuine religious and social traditions. Therefore it is doubtful that this belief was due to missionary propaganda but istruly a belief of the Aborigines (Eliade, 1973).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another belief that is reminiscent of the Christian faith is that death came into being only because the communications between heaven and earth had been violently interrupted. When Adam and Eve were thrown out of the Garden of Eden, death came into existence. This belief of the origin of death is common to many archaic religions where communication with heaven and its subsequent interruption is related to the ancestor's loss of immortality or of his original paradisal situation (Eliade, 1973).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Australian ritual re-enactment of the â€Å"Creation† has a striking parallel in post-Vedic India. The brahmanic sacrifice repeats what was done in the beginning, at the moment of creation, and it is only because of the strict uninterrupted performance of the sacrifice that the world continues and periodically renews itself. It is only be identifying himself with the

Digestive System Travel Guide

Anatomy Travel Bureau welcomes you to Your Digestive System! [pic] Kaitlynn Daseke-Collette Anatomy and Physiology The Digestive System This journey your about to experience may take up to several days. I hope you’ve packed well. We will be going through seas, acid rains, and dry, desert like conditions. So without wasting any more time let me give you a play by play of your vacation! First Stop Our first stop will be breakfast after you wake up on day one. You will be able to eat what ever your heart desires. Anything from a stack of pancakes to something completely unrelated to â€Å"breakfast†, like pizza.Choose wisely, you will be stuck with your breakfast for the rest of the tour! [pic] This is where I hand it over to your breakfast! Enjoy your trip! [pic] Hello there! I’m that stack of banana pancakes you devoured at breakfast this morning. Our real first stop on this journey through your digestive system is the mouth. The mouth is a pretty obvious place on the body. So when you put me in your mouth this morning I met up with some saliva and then I was chewed also known as masticated. Your cheeks and lips hold your food in your mouth while your teeth take care of the â€Å"masticating†.The tongue is what helps mix food and saliva together and it also initiates swallowing. The process of digestion has already begun believe it or not. This is the first step in breaking food down. Although this may sound a little gross it’s not just about breaking down food for digestion, we have tiny buds on our tongue which I’m sure you all know as TASTE BUDS! Taste buds are the â€Å"taste receptors† allowing you to taste the butter, banana, syrup and what ever else you put on me this morning before we began this journey!Before we get any further and you are unable to hear me let’s just go through all the technical stuff so we can actually enjoy the sites! Our second stop on this fascinating trip will be the Pharynx. Two passageways that are most commonly taken are the oropharynx and laryngopharynx. There is also the nasopharynx. Which when your body was under development we agreed to divide and it now currently belongs to the respiratory system, it’s kind of like their own private door. But not to worry, you’re not missing much! First we will go through the oropharynx which leads to the laryngopharynx which will lead us to the esophagus.You might feel a little bit of a squish here and there from the muscle layers of the pharynx walls. They contract to help propel us to the esophagus, this is also called peristalsis. The Esophagus This is also known as the gullet. It runs most hours of the day from the pharynx through the diaphragm to the stomach (it’s about 10 inches/25 cm long). Before we get any further I should probably let you in on this one thing. The walls of the alimentary canal organs (esophagus to large intestine) are made up of basically the same types of tissue layers. The first would be mucosa, it’s the innermost layer. It’s a moist membrane that lines the cavity (lumen). Mucosa has surface epithelium, a small amount of connective tissue and a bit of smooth muscle. †¢ Second we have submucosa which as you might be able to guess is found beneath the mucosa. It’s basically a connective tissue that contains blood vessels, nerve endings, lymphnodules and lymphatic vessels. †¢ There’s a muscle layer made up of an inner, circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer of basically just smooth muscle cells, this is called the muscularis externa. Serosa is the outermost layer of the wall. This is a single layer of flat serous fluid that produces cells. Visceral Peritoneum makes slippery parietal peritoneum. Parietal peritoneum lines the abdominopelvic cavity by mesentery (way of a membrane extension). The walls also contain important â€Å"intrinsic nerve plexus†, I know your thinking you don’t k now what that is, to be honest neither am I. But I think it might be kind of important to know that there is two, the submucosal nerve and the myentreric nerve plexus. They’re actually a part of the autonomic nervous system.There just there to regulate the mobility and secretory activity of GI (Gastrointestinal) tract organs. [pic] Alright, third stop. The stomach. It is located on the left side of the abdominal cavity. Here we will be hidden by the liver and diaphragm. There are a few places around the stomach you might want to stop and see. The first is the cardiac region, as you might guess it was named this due to its position near the heart. It surrounds the cardioesophageal sphincter which is where we will have entered the stomach. The fundus is the expanded part, very roomy, you should probably stretch your legs here, move around.It’s lateral to the cardiac region. The body then is the midportion and as it narrows it turns into the pyloric antrum. Then of course the funnel shaped pylorus which is the part that is continuous with the small intestine. Interesting Facts about the Stomach †¢ Approx. 10 inches †¢ Diameter depends on how much food its holding †¢ A full stomach can hold about 4 liters/1 gallon of food From the stomach we will enter the small intestine through the pyloric sphincter. This is the major digestive organ. It prepares usable food for the journey into the cells of the body.The small intestine is anywhere from 8 to 18 feet long in a living person. It’s kind of a tube made of muscle and it just extends from where we entered to the ileocecal valve. At the small intestine there are three places I recommend taking a peak at. †¢ Duodenum means â€Å"12 finger widths long†. †¢ Jejunum (â€Å"empty†) †¢ Ileum (â€Å"twisted intestine†) – this also joins the large intestine at the ileocecal valve. Most of your food digestion occurs in the small intestine and it is m ore than qualified to do so. The walls of the small intestine have three structures that help tremendously with absorption.These three are the microvilli, villi, and circular folds. The microvilli are tiny projections of the plasma membrane of the mucosa cells that make the cell surface look fuzzy. The villi are fingerlike projections; they have a velvety appearance and also feel soft. This is where a lot of the absorption occurs. There are also circular folds that are deep folds of mucosa and submucosa layers. ?Villi Believe it or not by the time you are done looking around these three sites and seeing the microvilli, villi and circular folds we will be on our way already through the ileocecal valve to the large intestine.So grab your stuff and let us go take a look see. The Large Intestine Though it’s larger in diameter it is shorter than the small intestine. The large intestine runs about 5 feet long. These 5 feet are from the ileocecal valve to the anus. The main function of the large intestine is to dry out the food residue that cannot be digested. It does this by absorbing water and eventually eliminates the residues from the body as feces. The large intestine is divided into 5 subdivisions. They are: 1. The Cecum, its saclike and the first part of the large intestine. 2.The Appendix, which hangs from the cecum, it’s very wormlike and sometimes because of its shape it can cause issues like appendicitis. This happens when the appendix becomes inflamed. 3. The colon which has several regions that takes you through the pelvis. 4. The rectum lies in the pelvis between the sigmoid colon and anus. 5. The anus, this is the part where feces exit the body. The anus is where our journey together will end. I hope you enjoy this journey through out the digestive system and come back to visit again real soon! [pic] Without any further explanation, please follow me through the pharynx†¦

A Critique of Thank You for Smoking Essay - 1171 Words

A Critique of â€Å"Thank You for Smoking†¦.?† Peter Brimelow’s article â€Å"Thank You for Smoking†¦.?† is an essay that looks at a rather extreme perspective on smoking. Brimelow starts off by describing the many actions that are taken against the tobacco industry; he writes that in some states, the government is trying to make the tobacco industry pay certain health care costs. However, he then goes on to state that smoking may actually be good for one’s health. He uses various sources to show that smoking has positive effects on our bodies; he states the decrease in risk in numerous diseases. Brimelow uses medical journals to show that smoking decreases the risk of diseases like Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s. He also talks about some of†¦show more content†¦Brimelow follows up his major claim with a number of minor claims throughout the essay. A minor claim is a secondary claim, one where the arguer is trying to make a point to support his major claim (McFadden 40). Minor c laims are important because they strengthen your main point, or your major claim. His first minor claim is actually a rebuttal claim, which is â€Å"a claim that refutes the counterclaim† (McFadden 42). He compares smoking-related deaths per year to car-related deaths, saying they are similar. He states that both are a danger to a person’s health, but in many cases the reward outweighs the risk (Brimelow 141). He also compares the number between car-related and smoking-related deaths, but this hurts his claim because the number of smoking- related deaths is ten times greater than car-related deaths. So far Brimelow’s essay is a little weak because so far he has failed to give us enough information to support his argument. Then as a second minor claim, Brimelow goes on to discuss the advantages of smoking. He shows us that smoking decreases the risk in various diseases, such as Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, prostate cancer and a few others. 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